Nursing Files
Theories
Levin's Four Conservation Principles
Introduction
- Theorist
- Myra Estrine Levine
- Diploma
in nursing:-Cook County SON, Chicago, 1944
- BSN:-University
of Chicago,1949
- MSN:-Wayne
State University, Detroit, 1962
- Publication:-
An Introduction to Clinical Nursing, 1969, 1973 & 1989
- Received
honorary doctorate from Loyola University in 1992
- Clinical
experience in OT technique and oncology nursing
- Civilian
Nurse at the Gardiner General Hospital
- Director
of Nursing at Drexel Home in Chicago
- Clinical
Instructor at Bryan Memorial Hospital in Lincoln, Nebraska
- Administrative
supervisor at University of Chicago
- Chairperson
of clinical nursing at Cook Country SON
- Visiting
professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel
- Died
in 1996
Major Concepts
of Conservational model
- Goal
of the model is to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness using the
principles of conservation
- Model
guides the nurse to focus on the influences and responses at the
organismic level
- Nurse
accomplishes the goal of model through the conservation of energy,
structure and personal and social integrity
Adaptation
- Every
individual has a unique range of adaptive responses
- The
responses will vary by heredity, age, gender or challenges of illness
experiences
- While
the responses are same, the timing and manifestation of organismic
responses will be unique for each individual pulse rate.
- An
ongoing process of change in which patient maintains his integrity within
the realities of environment
- Achieved
through the "frugal, economic, contained and controlled use of
environmental resources by individual in his or her best interest"
Wholeness
- Exist
when the interaction or constant adaptations to the environment permits
the assurance of integrity
- Promoted
by use of conservation principle
Conservation
- The
product of adaptation
- "Keeping
together "of the life systems or the wholeness of the individual
- Achieving
a balance of energy supply and demand that is with in the unique
biological realities of the individual
Nursing’s
paradigm
Person
- A
holistic being who constantly strives to preserve wholeness and integrity
- A
unique individual in unity and integrity, feeling, believing, thinking and
whole system of system
Environment
- Competes
the wholeness of person
- Internal
- External
- Preconceptual
- Operational
- Conceptual
Internal Environment
- Homeostasis
- A
state of energy sparing that also provide the necessary baselines for a
multitude of synchronized physiological and psychological factors
- A
state of conservation
- Homeorrhesis
- A
stabilized flow rather than a static state
- Emphasis
the fluidity of change within a space-time continuum
- Describe
the pattern of adaptation, which permit the individual’s body to sustain
its well being with the vast changes which encroach upon it from the
environment
External Environment
- Preconceptual
- Aspect
of the world that individual are able to intercept
- Operational
- Elements
that may physically affects individuals but not perceived by hem:
radiation, micro-organism and pollution
- Conceptual
- Part
of person's environment including cultural patterns characterized by
spiritual existence, ideas, values, beliefs and tradition
Person and environment
- Adaptation
- Organismic
response
- Conservation
Adaptation
Characteristics
- Historicity: Adaptations are grounded
in history and await the challenges to which they respond
- Specificity: Individual responses and
their adaptive pattern varies on the base of specific genetic
structure
- Redundancy: Safe and fail options
available to the individual to ensure continued adaptation
Organismic response
- A
change in behavior of an individual during an attempt to adapt to the
environment
- Help
individual to protect and maintain their integrity
- They
co-exist
They are four types:
- 1. Flight
or fight: An
instantaneous response to real or imagined threat, most primitive
response
- 2. Inflammatory: response intended to provide
for structural integrity and the promotion of healing
- 3. Stress: Response developed over time
and influenced by each stressful experience encountered by person
- 4. Perceptual: Involves
gathering information from the environment and converting it in to a
meaning experience
Nine models of
guided assessment
- Vital’s
signs
- Body
movement and positioning
- Ministration
of personal hygiene needs
- Pressure
gradient system in nursing interventions
- Nursing
determination in provision of nutritional needs
- Pressure
gradient system in nursing
- Local
application of heat and cold
- Administration
of medicine
- Establishing
an aseptic environment
Assumption
- The
nurse creates an environment in which healing could occur
- A
human being is more than the sum of the part
- Human
being respond in a predictable way
- Human
being are unique in their responses
- Human
being know and appraise objects ,condition and situation
- Human
being sense, reflects, reason and understand
- human
being action are self determined even when emotional
- Human
being are capable of prolonging reflection through such strategists
raising questions
Characteristics
of theory
- The
concept of illness adaptation, using interventions, and the evaluation of
nursing interventions are interrelated.
- Concepts
are sequential and logical and can be used to explain the consequences of
nursing action.
- Levine’s
theory is easy to use and elements are easily comprehensible.
- Levine’s
idea can be tested and hypothesis can be derived from them.
- The
principle of conservation are specific enough to be testable
- Levine’s
idea have not yet been widely researched.
- Levine's
theory has been applied in surgical settings.
- Levine’s
ideas are consistent with other theories, laws and principles particularly
those from the humanities and sciences
Conservational
Principle
- Conservation
of energy
- Conservation
of structural integrity
- Conservation
of personal integrity
- Conservation
of social integrity
1. Conservation of energy
- Refers
to balancing energy input and output to avoid excessive fatigue
- includes
adequate rest, nutrition and exercise
Example:
- Availability
of adequate rest
- Maintenance
of adequate nutrition
2. Conservation of structural
integrity
- Refers
to maintaining or restoring the structure of body preventing physical
breakdown And promoting healing
Example:
- Assist
patient in ROM exercise
- Maintenance
of patient’s personal hygiene
3. Conservation of personal
integrity
- Recognizes
the individual as one who strives for recognition, respect, self
awareness, selfhood and self determination
Example:
- Recognize
and protect patient’s space needs
4. Conservation of social integrity
- An
individual is recognized as someone who resides with in a family, a
community ,a religious group, an ethnic group, a political system and a
nation
Example:
- Position
patient in bed to foster social interaction with other patients
- Avoid
sensory deprivation
- Promote
patient’s use of news paper, magazines, radio. TV
- Provide
support and assistance to family
Health
- Health
is a wholeness and successful adaptation
- It
is not merely healing of an afflicted part ,it is return to daily
activities, selfhood and the ability of the individual to pursue once more
his or her own interest without constraints
- Disease:
It is unregulated and undisciplined change and must be stopped or death
will ensue
Nursing
- "Nursing
is a profession as well as an academic discipline, always practiced and
studied in concert with all of the disciplines that together from the
health sciences"
- The
human interaction relying on communication ,rooted in the organic
dependency of the individual human being in his relationships with other
human beings
- Nursing
involves engaging in "human interactions"
Goal of Nursing
- To
promote wholeness, realizing that every individual requires a unique and
separate cluster of activities
The individual integrity is his abiding concern
and it is the nurse’s responsibility to assist him to defend and to seek its
realization
Nursing Process
- Assessment
- Trophicognosis
- Hypothesis
- Interventions
- Evaluation
Conservational
models
- Conservational
model provides the basis for development of two theories
- Theory
of redundancy
- Theory
of therapeutic intention
Theory of redundancy
- Untested,
speculative theory that redefined aging and everything else that has to do
with human life
- Aging
is diminished availability of redundant system necessary for effective
maintenance of physical and social well being
Theory of therapeutic intention
- Goal:
To seek a way of organizing nursing interventions out of the biological
realities which the nurse has to confront
- Therapeutic
regimens should support the following goals:
- Facilitate
healing through natural response to disease
- Provide
support for a failing auto regulatory portion of the integrated system
- Restore
individual integrity and well being
Limitation
- Nurse
has the responsibility for determining the patient ability to participate
in the care, and if the perception of nurse and patient about the patient
ability to participate in care don’t match, this mismatch will be an area
of conflict.
- The
major limitation is the focus on individual in an illness state and on the
dependency of patient.
Research
Highlights
- A
theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on conservational
model of nursing. Nursing science quarterly,2004 Jul,17 (3):The article
describes a new middle range theory of health promotion for preterm
infants based on Levine’s conservational model that can be used to guide
neonatal nursing practice.
References
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BK. Fundamental skills and concepts in Patient Care, 7th edition, LWW.
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B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice ,
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M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing
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Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing : Development & Progress 3rd
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Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th
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A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992) Fundamentals Of Nursing –Concepts Process
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L.M. Awareness of self & expanding consciousness: using Nursing
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