Lehninger :- PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Lehninger
PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Fourth Edition
New to This Edition
Every chapter has been fully updated, integrating coverage
of the human genome and genomics throughout, and incorporating key developments
since the third edition, such as the structure of the ribosome. A new chapter
(Chapter 15) provides students with the most current understanding of how cells
maintain biochemical homeostasis through metabolic regulation. DNA-based
information technologies are now covered earlier in Chapter 9, demonstrating
how advances in DNA technology are transforming medicine and biotechnology,
including cloning, genetic engineering, and the implications of human gene
therapy. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are now presented in a single chapter
(Chapter 14). The treatment of enzyme mechanisms has been redesigned and
expanded, with new Mechanism Figures guiding students through reactions step by
step. The first reaction mechanism discussed, chymotrypsin, offers a refresher
on understanding reaction mechanism diagrams, and twelve new mechanisms have
been added, including lysozyme. This edition also includes new boxed features
highlighting biochemical methods, medical applications, and the history of
biochemistry, complementing existing features on medicine, biotechnology, and
other aspects of daily life.
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download this book go to the link given
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Lehninger Principles of
Biochemistry
Fourth Edition
David L. Nelson (U. of
Wisconsin–Madison)
Michael M. Cox (U. of
Wisconsin–Madison)
1. The Foundations of
Biochemistry
1.1 Cellular Foundations
1.2 Chemical Foundations
1.3 Physical Foundations
1.4 Genetic Foundations
1.5 Evolutionary Foundations
Distilled and reorganized
from Chapters 1–3 of the previous edition, this overview
provides a refresher on the
cellular, chemical, physical, genetic, and evolutionary
background to biochemistry,
while orienting students toward what is unique about
biochemistry.
PART I. STRUCTURE AND
CATALYSIS
2. Water
2.1 Weak Interactions in
Aqueous Systems
2.2 Ionization of Water,
Weak Acids, and Weak Bases
2.3 Buffering against pH
Changes in Biological Systems
2.4 Water as a Reactant
2.5 The Fitness of the
Aqueous Environment for Living Organisms
Includes new coverage of the
concept of protein-bound water, illustrated with
molecular graphics.
3. Amino Acids, Peptides,
and Proteins
3.1 Amino Acids
3.2 Peptides and Proteins
3.3 Working with Proteins
3.4 The Covalent Structure
of Proteins
3.5 Protein Sequences and
Evolution
Adds important new material
on genomics and proteomics and their implications for
the study of protein
structure, function, and evolution.
4. The Three-Dimensional
Structure of Proteins
4.1 Overview of Protein
Structure
4.2 Protein Secondary
Structure
4.3 Protein Tertiary and
Quaternary Structures
4.4 Protein Denaturation and
Folding
Adds a new box on scurvy.
5. Protein Function
5.1 Reversible Binding of a
Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins
5.2 Complementary
Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune
System and Immunoglobulins
5.3 Protein Interactions
Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and
Molecular Motors
Adds a new box on carbon
monoxide poisoning
6. Enzymes
6.1 An Introduction to
Enzymes
6.2 How Enzymes Work
6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as An
Approach to Understanding Mechanism
6.4 Examples of Enzymatic
Reactions
6.5 Regulatory Enzymes
Offers a revised
presentation of the mechanism of chymotrypsin (the first reaction
mechanism in the book),
featuring a two-page figure that takes students through this
particular mechanism, while
serving as a step-by-step guide to interpreting any
reaction mechanism
Features new coverage of the
mechanism for lysozyme including the controversial
aspects of the mechanism and
currently favored resolution based on work published in
2001.
7. Carbohydrates and
Glycobiology
7.1 Monosaccharides and
Disaccharides
7.2 Polysaccharides
7.3 Glycoconjugates:
Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids
7.4 Carbohydrates as
Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code
7.5 Working with
Carbohydrates
Includes new section on
polysaccharide conformations.
A striking new discussion of
the "sugar code" looks at polysaccharides as
informational molecules,
with detailed discussions of lectins, selectins, and
oligosaccharide-bearing
hormones.
Features new material on
structural heteropolysaccharides and proteoglycans
Covers recent techniques for
carbohydrate analysis.
8. Nucleotides and Nucleic
Acids
8.1 Some Basics
8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry
8.4 Other Functions of
Nucleotides
9. DNA-Based Information
Technologies
9.1 DNA Cloning: The Basics
9.2 From Genes to Genomes
9.3 From Genomes to
Proteomes
9.4 Genome Alterations and
New Products of Biotechnology
Introduces the human genome.
Biochemical insights derived from the human
genome are integrated
throughout the text.
Tracking the emergence of
genomics and proteomics, this chapter establishes DNA
technology as a core topic
and a path to understanding metabolism, signaling, and
other topics covered in the
middle chapters of this edition. Includes up-to-date
coverage of microarrays,
protein chips, comparative genomics, and techniques in
cloning and analysis.
10. Lipids
10.1 Storage Lipids
10.2 Structural Lipids in
Membranes
10.3 Lipids as Signals, Cofactors,
and Pigments
10.4 Working with Lipids
Integrates new topics
specific to chloroplasts and archaebacteria
Adds material on lipids as
signal molecules.
11. Biological Membranes and
Transport
11.1 The Composition and
Architecture of Membranes
11.2 Membrane Dynamics
11.3 Solute Transport across
Membranes
Includes a description of
membrane rafts and microdomains within membranes,
and a new box on the use of
atomic force microscopy to visualize them.
Looks at the role of
caveolins in the formation of membrane caveolae
Covers the investigation of
hop diffusion of membrane lipids using FRAP
(fluorescence recovery after
photobleaching)
Adds new details to the
discussion of the mechanism of Ca2- ATPase (SERCA
pump), revealed by the
recently available high-resolution view of its structure
Explores new facets of the
mechanisms of the K+ selectivity filter, brought to light
by recent high-resolution
structures of the K+ channel
Illuminates the structure,
role, and mechanism of aquaporins with important new
details
Describes ABC transporters,
with particular attention to the multidrug transporter
(MDR1)
Includes the newly solved
structure of the lactose transporter of E. coli.
12. Biosignaling
12.1 Molecular Mechanisms of
Signal Transduction
12.2 Gated Ion Channels
12.3 Receptor Enzymes
12.4 G Protein-Coupled
Receptors and Second Messengers
12.5 Multivalent Scaffold
Proteins and Membrane Rafts
12.6 Signaling in
Microorganisms and Plants
12.7 Sensory Transduction in
Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation
12.8 Regulation of
Transcription by Steroid Hormones
12.9 Regulation of the Cell
Cycle by Protein Kinases
12.10 Oncogenes, Tumor
Suppressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death
Updates the previous
edition's groundbreaking chapter to chart the continuing rapid
development of signaling
research
Includes discussion on
general mechanisms for activation of protein kinases in
cascades
Now covers the roles of
membrane rafts and caveolae in signaling pathways,
including the activities of
AKAPs (A Kinase Anchoring Proteins) and other scaffold
proteins
Examines the nature and
conservation of families of multivalent protein binding
modules, which combine to
create many discrete signaling pathways
Adds a new discussion of
signaling in plants and bacteria, with comparison to
mammalian signaling pathways
Features a new box on
visualizing biochemistry with fluorescence resonance energy
transfer (FRET) with green
fluorescent protein (GFP)
PART II: BIOENERGETICS AND
METABOLISM
13. Principles of
Bioenergetics
13.1 Bioenergetics and
Thermodynamics
13.2 Phosphoryl Group
Transfers and ATP
13.3 Biological
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Examines the increasing
awareness of the multiple roles of polyphosphate
Adds a new discussion of
niacin deficiency and pellagra.
14. Glycolysis,
Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
14.1 Glycolysis
14.2 Feeder Pathways for
Glycolysis
14.3 Fates of Pyruvate under
Anaerobic Conditions: Fermentation
14.4 Gluconeogenesis
14.5 Pentose Phosphate
Pathway of Glucose Oxidation
Now covers gluconeogenesis
immediately after glycolysis, discussing their
relatedness, differences,
and coordination and setting up the completely new chapter
on metabolic regulation that
follows
Adds coverage of the
mechanisms of phosphohexose isomerase and aldolase
Revises the presentation of
the mechanism of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase.
New Chapter 15. Principles of Metabolic Regulation,
Illustrated with Glucose and
Glycogen Metabolism
15.1 The Metabolism of
Glycogen in Animals
15.2 Regulation of Metabolic
Pathways
15.3 Coordinated Regulation
of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
15.4 Coordinated Regulation
of Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown
15.5 Analysis of Metabolic
Control
Brings together the concepts
and principles of metabolic regulation in one chapter
Concludes with the latest
conceptual approaches to the regulation of metabolism,
including metabolic control
analysis and contemporary methods for studying and
predicting the flux through
metabolic pathways
16. The Citric Acid Cycle
16.1 Production of
Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)
16.2 Reactions of the Citric
Acid Cycle
16.3 Regulation of the
Citric Acid Cycle
16.4 The Glyoxylate Cycle
Expands and updates the
presentation of the mechanism for pyruvate carboxylase.
Adds coverage of the
mechanisms of isocitrate dehydrogenase and citrate
synthase.
17. Fatty Acid Catabolism
17.1 Digestion,
Mobilization, and Transport of Fats
17.2 Oxidation of Fatty
Acids
17.3 Ketone Bodies
Updates coverage of
trifunctional protein
New section on the role of
perilipin phosphorylation in the control of fat mobilization
New discussion of the role
of acetyl-CoA in the integration of fatty acid oxidation
and synthesis
Updates coverage of the
medical consequences of genetic defects in fatty acyl–CoA
dehydrogenases
Takes a fresh look at
medical issues related to peroxisomes
18. Amino Acid Oxidation and
the Production of Urea
18.1 Metabolic Fates of
Amino Groups
18.2 Nitrogen Excretion and
the Urea Cycle
18.3 Pathways of Amino Acid
Degradation
Integrates the latest on
regulation of reactions throughout the chapter, with new
material on genetic defects
in urea cycle enzymes, and updated information on the
regulatory function of
N-acetylglutamate synthase.
Reorganizes coverage of
amino acid degradation to focus on the big picture
Adds new material on the
relative importance of several degradative pathways
Includes a new description
of the interplay of the pyridoxal phosphate and
tetrahydrofolate cofactors
in serine and glycine metabolism
19. Oxidative
Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation
Oxidative Phosporylation
19.1 Electron-Transfer
Reactions in Mitochondria
19.2 ATP Synthesis
19.3 Regulation of Oxidative
Phosphorylation
19.4 Mitochondrial Genes:
Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations
19.5 The Role of
Mitochondria in Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress
Photosynthesis: Harvesting
Light Energy
19.6 General Features of
Photophosphorylation
19.7 Light Absorption
19.8 The Central
Photochemical Event: Light-Driven Electron Flow
19.9 ATP Synthesis by
Photophosphorylation
Adds a prominent new section
on the roles of mitochondria in apoptosis and
oxidative stress
Now covers the role of IF1
in the inhibition of ATP synthase during ischemia
Includes revelatory details
on the light-dependent pathways of electron transfer in
photosynthesis, based on
newly available molecular structures
20. Carbohydrate
Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria
20.1 Photosynthetic
Carbohydrate Synthesis
20.2 Photorespiration and
the C4 and CAM Pathways
20.3 Biosynthesis of Starch
and Sucrose
20.4 Synthesis of Cell Wall
Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial
Peptidoglycan
20.5 Integration of
Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell
Reorganizes the coverage of
photosynthesis and the C4 and CAM pathways
Adds a major new section on
the synthesis of cellulose and bacterial peptidoglycan
21. Lipid Biosynthesis
21.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty
Acids and Eicosanoids
21.2 Biosynthesis of
Triacylglycerols
21.3 Biosynthesis of
Membrane Phospholipids
21.4 Biosynthesis of
Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids
Features an important new
section on glyceroneogenesis and the triacylglycerol
cycle between adipose tissue
and liver, including their roles in fatty acid metabolism
(especially during
starvation) and the emergence of thiazolidinediones as regulators of
glyceroneogenesis in the
treatment of type II diabetes
Includes a timely new
discussion on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism at the
genetic level, with
consideration of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins
(SREBPs).
22. Biosynthesis of Amino
Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules
22.1 Overview of Nitrogen
Metabolism
22.2 Biosynthesis of Amino
Acids
22.3 Molecules Derived from
Amino Acids
22.4 Biosynthesis and
Degradation of Nucleotides
Adds material on the
regulation of nitrogen metabolism at the level of transcription
Significantly expands
coverage of synthesis and degradation of heme
23. Integration and Hormonal
Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism
23.1 Tissue-Specific
Metabolism: The Division of Labor
23.2 Hormonal Regulation of
Fuel Metabolism
23.3 Long Term Regulation of
Body Mass
23.4 Hormones: Diverse
Structures for Diverse Functions
Reorganized presentation leads students through the complex interactions
of
integrated metabolism step
by step
Features extensively revised
coverage of insulin and glucagon metabolism that
includes the integration of
carbohydrate and fat metabolism
New discussion of the role
of AMP-dependent protein kinase in metabolic
integration
Updates coverage of the fast-moving
field of obesity, regulation of body mass, and
the leptin and adiponectin
regulatory systems
Adds a discussion of Ghrelin
and PYY3-36 as regulators of short-term eating
behavior
Covers the effects of diet
on the regulation of gene expression, considering the role
of peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)
PART III. INFORMATION
PATHWAYS
24. Genes and Chromosomes
24.1 Chromosomal Elements
24.2 DNA Supercoiling
24.3 The Structure of
Chromosomes
Integrates important new
material on the structure of chromosomes, including the
roles of SMC proteins and
cohesins, the features of chromosomal DNA, and the
organization of genes in DNA
25. DNA Metabolism
25.1 DNA Replication
25.2 DNA Repair
25.3 DNA Recombination
Adds a section on the
"replication factories" of bacterial DNA
Includes latest perspectives
on DNA recombination and repair
26. RNA Metabolism
26.1 DNA-Dependent Synthesis
of RNA
26.2 RNA Processing
26.3 RNA-Dependent Synthesis
of RNA and DNA
Updates coverage on
mechanisms of mRNA processing
Adds a subsection on the 5'
cap of eukaryotic mRNAs
Adds important new
information about the structure of bacterial RNA polymerase
and its mechanism of action.
27. Protein Metabolism
27.1 The Genetic Code
27.2 Protein Synthesis
27.3 Protein Targeting and
Degradation
Includes a presentation and
analysis of the long-awaited structure of the ribosome-
-one of the most important
updates in this new edition
Adds a new box on the
evolutionary significance of ribozyme-catalyzed peptide
synthesis.
28. Regulation of Gene
Expression
28.1 Principles of Gene
Regulation
28.2 Regulation of Gene
Expression in Prokaryotes
28.3 Regulation of Gene
Expression in Eukaryotes
Adds a new section on RNA
interference (RNAi), including the medical potential of
gene
silencing.
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