Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry

(LANGE Basic Science) 26th Edition

This extensively revised and updated biochemistry textbook is globally renowned for its comprehensive and current coverage. Richly illustrated and user-friendly, it demonstrates how biochemistry knowledge is crucial for grasping the molecular underpinnings of health and disease. The 26th edition also includes expanded content on the findings of the Human Genome Project. It serves as an ideal resource for both course study and USMLE review.

 

Notice

Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment

and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be

reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the

time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors

nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that

the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors

or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged

to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to

check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the

information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the

contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently

used drugs.

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Contents

Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1. Biochemistry & Medicine

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Water & pH

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

 

SECTION I. STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS & ENZYMES. .  . . . . . . . . . . 14

3. Amino Acids & Peptides

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4. Proteins: Determination of Primary Structure

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5. Proteins: Higher Orders of Structure

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6. Proteins: Myoglobin & Hemoglobin

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

7. Enzymes: Mechanism of Action

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

8. Enzymes: Kinetics

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

9. Enzymes: Regulation of Activities

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD, & Peter J. Kennelly, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

 

SECTION II. BIOENERGETICS & THE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES

& LIPIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10. Bioenergetics: The Role of ATP

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

11. Biologic Oxidation

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

12. The Respiratory Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

13. Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & David A. Bender, PhD . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

14. Lipids of Physiologic Significance

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

15. Overview of Metabolism

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & David A. Bender, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

16. The Citric Acid Cycle: The Catabolism of Acetyl-CoA

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & David A. Bender, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

17. Glycolysis & the Oxidation of Pyruvate

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & David A. Bender, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

18. Metabolism of Glycogen

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & David A. Bender, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

19. Gluconeogenesis & Control of the Blood Glucose

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & David A. Bender, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

20. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway & Other Pathways of Hexose Metabolism

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & David A. Bender, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

21. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

22. Oxidation of Fatty Acids: Ketogenesis

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

23. Metabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids & Eicosanoids

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

24. Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

25. Lipid Transport & Storage

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

26. Cholesterol Synthesis, Transport, & Excretion

Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc, & Kathleen M. Botham, PhD, DSc .. . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

27. Integration of Metabolism—the Provision of Metabolic Fuels

David A. Bender, PhD, & Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

 

SECTION III. METABOLISM OF PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . 237

28. Biosynthesis of the Nutritionally Nonessential Amino Acids

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

29. Catabolism of Proteins & of Amino Acid Nitrogen

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

30. Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

31. Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

32. Porphyrins & Bile Pigments

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

 

SECTION IV. STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, & REPLICATION

OF INFORMATIONAL MACROMOLECULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

33. Nucleotides

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

34. Metabolism of Purine & Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Victor W. Rodwell, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

35. Nucleic Acid Structure & Function

Daryl K. Granner, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

36. DNA Organization, Replication, & Repair

Daryl K. Granner, MD, & P. Anthony Weil, PhD . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

37. RNA Synthesis, Processing, & Modification

Daryl K. Granner, MD, & P. Anthony Weil, PhD . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

38. Protein Synthesis & the Genetic Code

Daryl K. Granner, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

39. Regulation of Gene Expression

Daryl K. Granner, MD, & P. Anthony Weil, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

40. Molecular Genetics, Recombinant DNA, & Genomic Technology

Daryl K. Granner, MD, & P. Anthony Weil, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

 

SECTION V. BIOCHEMISTRY OF EXTRACELLULAR

& INTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

41. Membranes: Structure & Function

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD, & Daryl K. Granner, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

42. The Diversity of the Endocrine System

Daryl K. Granner, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

43. Hormone Action & Signal Transduction

Daryl K. Granner, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

 

SECTION VI. SPECIAL TOPICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

44. Nutrition, Digestion, & Absorption

David A. Bender, PhD, & Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

45. Vitamins & Minerals

David A. Bender, PhD, & Peter A. Mayes, PhD, DSc . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

46. Intracellular Traffic & Sorting of Proteins

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

47. Glycoproteins

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

48. The Extracellular Matrix

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD, & Frederick W. Keeley, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

49. Muscle & the Cytoskeleton

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

50. Plasma Proteins & Immunoglobulins

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

51. Hemostasis & Thrombosis

Margaret L. Rand, PhD, & Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

52. Red & White Blood Cells

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

53. Metabolism of Xenobiotics

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

54. The Human Genome Project

Robert K. Murray, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

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